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5.In this problem and the next one, we’re going to make a very simple spam checker program by just looking ...

ooking at how likely a given email is to be spam based on the words it contains. In particular, in this problem we’re going to count how often words are present in spam emails within some set of training data (which here means a set of emails that have already been marked as spam or not spam manually). We have already started to write a function spam_score(spam_file, not_file, word), which takes in two filenames, along with a target word (a lowercase string). Both filenames refer to text files which must be in the same directory as hw07.py (we’ve provided several such files in hw07files.zip). The text files contain one email per line (really just the subject line to keep things simple) - you can assume that these emails will be a series of words separated by spaces with no punctuation. The first file contains emails that have been identified as spam, the second contains emails that have been identified as not spam. Since you haven’t learned File I/O yet, we’ve provided code that opens the two files and puts the data into two lists of strings (where each element is one line - that is, one email). You then must complete the function, so that it returns the spam score for the target word. The spam score is an integer representing the total number of times the target word occurs across all the spam emails, minus the total number of times the word occurs in not-spam emails. Convert all words to lowercase before counting, to ensure capitalization does not throw off the count.
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Data Analysis in Python and R: 

 

Data Analysis is the process of cleansing, inspecting and modelling the data. The goal is to discover useful information, inform conclusions and support the decision making. 

 

 

Data Analysis in Python and R Sample Questions:

 

 

Question 1: Data Analysis has how many main statistical methodologies?

 

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

 

Answer: 2

Explanation: There are following 2 main statistical methodologies in Data Analysis:
Inferential Analysis
Descriptive Analysis

 

 

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Question 2: Research Hypothesis is also known as?

 

A) Simple Hypothesis

B) Composite Hypothesis

C) Alternative Hypothesis

D) None of these


Answer: Alternative Hypothesis

Explanation: Research Hypothesis is also known as Alternative Hypothesis.

 

 

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Question 3: Which of the following will be accepted in case Null Hypothesis is false?

 

A) Positive Hypothesis

B) Negative Hypothesis

C) Alternative Hypothesis

D) None of these

Answer: Alternative Hypothesis

Explanation: Alternative Hypothesis will be accepted in case Null Hypothesis is false.

 

 

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Question 4: In order to test a hypothesis, which distribution can be used?

 

A) Gamma Distribution

B) Normal Distribution

C) Poisson Distribution

D) Chi-Squared Distribution


Answer: Chi-Squared Distribution

Explanation: In order to test a hypothesis, Chi-Squared distribution can be used

 

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Question 5: In the Z Score formula, the denominator is?

 

A) Standard Deviation

B) Difference between a mean and the score

C) Range

D) None of these

 

Answer: Standard Deviation

Explanation: In the Z Score formula, the denominator is Standard Deviation.
Z Score formula = (observed value - mean) / standard deviation

 

 

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Question 6: Which of the following are the building block of qualitative data


 

A) Units

B) Categories

C) Groups

D) None of these


Answer: None of these

Explanation: Categories are the building blocks of qualitative data.

 

 

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Question 7: Which of the following is the process of qualifying the data?

 

A) Enumeration

B) Topology

C) Coding

D) None of these

 

Answer: Enumeration

Explanation: Enumeration is the process of qualifying the data.

 

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Question 8: Regression analysis includes which of the following?

 

A) Relationship modelling in the data

B) yes/no questions

C) Determining associations in the data

D) All of these

 

Answer: Relationship modelling in the data

Explanation: Relationship modelling in the data is included in Regression analysis.

 

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Question 9: Which of the following are data analysis approaches?

A) Data Mining

B) Predictive Intelligence 

C) Both of these

D) None of these


Answer: Data Mining

Explanation: Following are the Data Analysis approaches:
Data Mining
Business Intelligence
Text Analytics 
 

 

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Question 10: Which of the following is a cyclic process in which data is collected and analysed during a single research study?

 

A) Interim Analysis

B) Constant Analysis

C) Both of these

D) None of these

 

Answer: Interim Analysis

Explanation: Interim Analysis is a cyclic process in which data is collected and analysed during a single research study.

 

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