A matter can be defined as the substance that occupies mass and volume. On the basis of arrangement of constituent particles, there are various states of matter.
A solid state consists of particles with strong intermolecular force of attraction that leads to least intermolecular space between particles.
This state of matter has the. weakest intermolecular forces between constituent particles. This is due to high kinetic energy of particles.
This is an intermediate state of matter with some unique characteristics like viscosity, surface tension, fluid nature etc.
The interaction between molecules due to their structure is called intermolecular forces. There are various types of intermolecular forces such as dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, Van Der Waal forces.
This is the intermolecular force of attraction between two dipoles. Here dipoles have partial charges therefore they attract each other with dipole-dipole interactions. The liquefaction of HCl molecules is the best example of it.
The attraction force between dipole and ion is called dipole-ion force.
The attraction force between two electronegative atoms like N,O and F in which the H atom acts as a bridge is called a hydrogen bond.
The attraction force between two non-bonded atoms or molecules is called Van Der Waal interaction.
The presence of intermolecular forces affects the melting and boiling point of substances. It also affects the solubility of substances in a given solvent. Vapour pressure and boiling point depend on the strength of intermolecular force of attractions.
Q.1 Sodium chloride is soluble in water. What type of intermolecular force exists between molecules in the solution?
Hydrogen bond
Ion-dipole force
Dipole-dipole force
Ionic force
Answer: b)
Q.2 Which molecule does not show hydrogen bonding between molecules?
Ammonia
Hydrogen fluoride
Water
Hydrogen chloride
Answer: d)
Q.3 Why is the boiling point of water higher than hydrogen sulfide?
Answer: Water molecule H₂O consists of H and O atoms that can form hydrogen bonds therefore water molecules are bonded with strong hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds because S is less electronegative and cannot form hydrogen bonds with H atoms. Because of the absence of hydrogen bonds between hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) molecules, it has a lesser boiling point compared to water.
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The state of a substance (solid, liquid and gas) depends on the intermolecular forces and kinetic energy of the molecules in that substance. The molecules of a substance have some kinetic energy which keeps the molecules in motion. The intermolecular forces in a substance, tries to keep the molecules closer.
In gases, the kinetic energy is greater than the intermolecular forces causing a gas to expand.
In liquids, the intermolecular forces are strong enough to keep the molecules together but not strong enough to keep the molecules fixed.
In solids, intermolecular forces are strong enough to keep the molecules fixed at one position.
There is no state without any kind of intermolecular forces. However, out of all the three states, solids, liquids and gases, Gases have the weakest intermolecular forces called Van der Waals forces. The kinetic energy of the molecules is greater than the intermolecular forces. As a result of which the gas molecules don’t stay fixed to one place.
Intermolecular forces try to keep the molecules of a substance closer. There are various types of intermolecular forces that can exist in a substance. Van der Waals dispersion forces, Van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, Hydrogen bonding, Ionic bonds.
Van der Waals dispersion forces are weakest among all other intermolecular forces and ionic bonds are strongest. Presence of Van der Waals forces means it's easy to break those molecules apart.On the other hand, strong ionic bonds ensure a higher amount of energy would be required to break those molecules apart. This affects the physical properties of the substance like boiling point, melting point and freezing point. With stronger intermolecular forces the value of boiling point and melting point and freezing point increases and the value of the vapor pressure decreases.
Solid state has the highest number and strongest intermolecular forces among all three states. The intermolecular forces in a solid molecular solid consist of Van der Waals forces, dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions. For example, Ice is held together by hydrogen bonds and dry ice is held together by dispersion forces. The strong intermolecular forces in solids result in fixed position of molecules as they just vibrate on their positions.
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