Thermodynamics Help – Get answers to thermodynamics questions!

Thermodynamics basics – topics & concepts:

Ideal gas-

It is a hypothetical gas composed of many particles which has negligible intermolecular force of attractions.

This ideal gas is useful because it obeys the ideal gas equation.

That is, PV=nRT where R is gas constant

Assumptions taken -

The volume of the molecule is negligible as compared to the volume of the container.

All collisions are elastic.

No force of attractions exist between the molecules.

Molecular statistics–

It is the branch of thermodynamics that explains the molecular properties to predict the macroscopic quantities of compounds.

Here, in the molecular statistics thermodynamics, there is the energy levels of an individual molecule to find the thermodynamic properties of a system that contains non-interacting molecules of a substance.

Transport phenomena-

It involves the movement or transfer of mass, energy or matter within the thermodynamical system that are not in equilibrium.

There is a continuous flow of molecules or particles.
The movement of molecules by random collisions is called diffusion.

There are 3 areas of study

Heat transfer
Mass transfer
Fluids mechanics

First law of Thermodynamics-

This is also known by “THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY “ which relates that the energy of the universe remains the same.

This stated that the total energy of the universe remain same and describing the relation between internal energy, heat absorbed or released and work done on or by the system.

∆U=Q+W

W = +( positive) WORK DONE ON THE SYSTEM BY THE SURROUNDINGS

W= - (negative) WORK DONE BY THE SYSTEM ON THE SURROUNDINGS

Q = + (positive) Heat absorbed

Q=-(negative) heat released

Reversible work done

Second law of thermodynamics-

First law of thermodynamics defines the quantity of heat transfer but do not give any idea of the direction.

So, by 2nd law – it focuses on the direction to which the heat or energy flows and introducing a term called Entropy for every spontaneous or non spontaneous process.
And states that,

In an isolated system, the entropy of the universe will always increases.

Entropy is Denoted by ∆S

Also, for spontaneous process, entropy is positive and for non spontaneous it is negative.

∆S(universe) = ∆S(system) + ∆S (surrounding)

General relation,

∆G= ∆H-T∆S

∆G = Gibbs free energy, ∆H = enthalpy , ∆S = entropy and T = Temperature

Third law of thermodynamics-

It states that the entropy of a perfect crystalline solid at absolute zero is 0

S=k lnW = kln 1 = 0

It means at absolute 0K , All modes of motion (vibration , rotation and translation )stops

Imperfect gas–

It is also called Real gas which has some known magnitude of intermolecular force of attraction and they occupy a given amount of space and have the ability to interact with each other.

Also, For the determination of deviation of a real gas from the behaviour of an ideal gas , it is expressed by term Z as compressibility factor.

The ideal gas equation can be modified into the van der Waal equation to apply to real gas where a and b are constants

Liquids–

It is the state of the matter lies between solids and gases and The attraction between the particles in a liquid keeps the volume of liquid constant.

Some properties of liquids-

It has fixed volume but no shapes that is why takes the shape of vessel , to which it is contained
It is incompressible
It has little space between them, in comparison to the gases.

Sample Thermodynamics Questions:

Question1: Calculate the Gibbs free energy at 200K when enthalpy and entropy changes are -113 KJ/mol and -145J/Kmol ?

Ans: -83KJ/mol

∆G= ∆H-T∆S
= -113000 – 200 (-145)
= -8300 J/mol

Question2: Calculate the workdone by a piston of a container, which has 200J of internal energy to absorb the 5 joule.

Answer: 195J

Using first law of thermodynamics,
U=Q+W
U-Q =W=200-5
-195 J Which means, 195j of work is done by the system

Quesion3: Calculate the work done of a reversible system which apply a pressure of 2atm to change the volume from 5L to 10L ?

Answer: -1013.2J

Reversible work done

= -2atm(10-5)

= -10atm Litre 1atm L=101.325J

-10 101.325 = - 1013.2J

MCQ:

Q1. Real gases follow ideal gas equation –

A) low temperature and high pressure
B) high temperature and low pressure
C) low temperature only
D) no change in conditions

Ans: B

Q2. In which of the process, the system is spontaneous.

A) Freezing of water
B) dissolution Of Iodine in water
C) Burning of a wood
D) Melting of an ice

Ans: D

Q3. At Absolute 0K , entropy of is zero for

A) Perfectly crystalline solid
B) non crystalline
C) amorphous
D) glass made

Answer: A

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Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the processes of change in temperature, transformation of energy, relationships between heat and work. The study of thermodynamics gained popularity in the 19th century when engineers wanted to improve the efficiency of the steam engine. The study of thermodynamics focuses mainly on the four laws of thermodynamics.

Zeroth Law-

According to this law of thermodynamics, if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, then they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

First Law-

This stated that the total energy of the universe remains the same and describes the relation between internal energy, heat absorbed or released and work done on or by the system.

Second Law-

In an isolated system, the entropy of the universe will always increase.

Third Law–

It states that the entropy of a perfect crystalline solid at absolute zero is always zero.

Basic thermodynamics is taught in most engineering degree programs as well as it is a part of the high school physics curriculum. An introductory background to concepts of thermodynamics in high school as well as knowledge of calculus helps one to become successful and make a career in the field of thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics is also a prerequisite for advanced physics courses, like heat transfer, internal combustion engines, gas dynamics etc. Students completing a bachelor’s or master’s course in thermodynamics can lead to an exciting career as a thermodynamics engineer, engineering technician, or an expert thermodynamics physicist.

The application of thermodynamics can be found in the field of engineering from chemical thermodynamics, thermodynamics physics, to aerospace, mechanical and electrical engineering.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is thermodynamics ?

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study between heat and energy.

What are the thermodynamics properties ?

Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic of a system capable to specifying the system's state in the system.

What are the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics?

The 1st law of thermodynamics that energy neither t be created nor destroyed. it can only be transferred from one form to another form.

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is about the quality of energy. It states that energy is transferred or transformed more and more of it is wasted.

What are the thermodynamics parameters?

The central concept of thermodynamics is that of energy and the ability to do work.

Why is it called thermodynamics?

Science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy is called thermodynamics . thermo(heat) and Dynamics (transfer).

What is the limitation of thermodynamics?

The first law of thermodynamics is that it does not say anything about the direction of flow of heat.

What is the limitation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

The 2nd law of thermodynamics only applicable to the closed system.

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